Due to its high conductivity and low consumption at the same time, platinum is an excellent anode material. However, considering its high cost, the use of platinum alone is not common. By cladding or electroplating a thin platinum layer on a low-cost substrate, platinum will become more practical. In addition, this also extends the effective anode surface area. The substrate must also have the ability to form an insulating oxide film under anodic conditions. The two most commonly used substrates at this stage are titanium and niobium.Both niobium and titanium form insulating oxide films under anodic conditions. The electrical conductivity 
and corrosion resistance of niobium are better, but the price of niobium is more expensive. However, the breakdown potential of niobium is much higher than that of titanium. Titanium oxide has been reported to fail by breakdown at anodic potentials in the 10V range, while niobium films can withstand a breakdown voltage of up to 80V.

Applications:

1. Electroplating
2. Horizontal and Pulse Plating
3. Cathodic protection
4. Water treatment